Shanghai Medicilon Inc.

  The intestine is the largest digestive and immune organ of animals, and it is also the site with the largest number and variety of microorganisms. Intestinal microorganisms have a close interaction with the host. On the one hand, the host provides a stable growth environment for intestinal microorganisms; on the other hand, intestinal microorganisms can help the host digest food, resist pathogenic bacteria, and produce short-chain fatty acids (short-chain fatty acids). Metabolites such as chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids, and vitamins, thereby regulating the host's physiological health and affecting disease development. This article mainly reviews the composition and distribution of intestinal microorganisms in piglets, the types and functions of intestinal microbial metabolites, and the impact of probiotics on the composition and function of intestinal microorganisms in piglets, with a view to providing insights into the research on intestinal microorganisms and diseases i...

Background The global prevalence of metabolic diseases such as obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), atherosclerosis (AS) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has increased dramatically . Over the past few decades, the consumption of high-calorie foods has increased and physical activity has been replaced by sedentary activities, ultimately resulting in energy intake exceeding energy expenditure and becoming a major risk factor for obesity and obesity-related diseases. In this condition, adipose tissue exceeds the body's ability to store all excess energy in the form of triglycerides, causing lipids to overflow into the circulation. This excess recruitment of lipids in non-disaccharide tissues results in ectopic fat storage, in which the ability of non-adipose tissue to increase fat oxidation upon increased fatty acid utilization is impaired. Excessive accumulation of fat in adipocytes can trigger increased produc...

Over the past 15 years, numerous studies have linked obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and cardiovascular disease to specific changes in gut microbiota composition and function. However, most studies focus on fatty acids (such as short-chain fatty acids), and some involve sugar, dietary fiber, prebiotics, etc. Over the past 5 years, it has been documented that microbial conversion of some food components such as carnitine, choline, or lecithin to produce trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) promotes atherosclerosis in rodent models. occurrence and is closely related to increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease in humans (Figure 1).       Based on these data, metabolites produced by microorganisms are considered to be key metabolic regulators that can affect different organs throughout the body and ultimately produce a range of beneficial or harmful functions. In addition to TMAO, which may be a potential key molecule, other microbial metabolites, such as aromatic amin...

  Related definitions After drugs enter the body, they generally undergo physical changes and chemical changes. Physical changes refer to the binding reaction between drugs and biological macromolecules such as plasma proteins; chemical changes refer to metabolic reactions in the body. Metabolic reactions in the body are also called biotransformations, which are divided into one-phase metabolism and two-phase metabolism. Phase one metabolism refers to the oxidation reaction, reduction reaction, and hydrolysis reaction of the drug in the body. Phase two metabolism refers to the conjugation reaction of drugs in the body, including: glucuronic acid conjugation, sulfation, methylation, acetylation, amino acid conjugation, glutathione conjugation, etc. The MetID team of Medicilon is composed of experienced scientists. We provide fast and reliable in vivo and in vitro MetID and reactive metabolite capture services . We also support new drug screening and domestic and oversees IND fil...