To better understand the potential impact of gut microbes on human health, clinicians need to know not just the bacteria present in stool samples, but also the metabolites such as amino acids produced by those bacteria, say Australian and British researchers. The findings were published this week in the journal mSphere.
Dr Geraint B. Rogers, associate professor
of microbiology and infectious diseases and member of the South Australian
Institute of Health and Medical Research, said: "Typical DNA-based studies
of the human microbiome or bacterial composition are limited because they do
not reflect the metabolism of microbial colonies. Products. Studying the
microbiome and its metabolites (metabolome) should be complementary, but
because many microorganisms play the same role and some utilize the metabolites
of other microorganisms, predicting metabolites is very challenging." The MetID team of Medicilon is composed of experienced
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Rogers points out: Characterizing the
metabolites of the gut microbiota, which can modulate the function of the human
immune system and central nervous system, is critical to understanding how they
affect human health. Therefore, analyzing the changes in intestinal microbiota
and their corresponding metabolites caused by antibiotic drugs can provide
insights into the acute and chronic effects of antibiotic drugs and provide a
better understanding of the relationship between intestinal microbial
metabolites and body health. connect.
Rogers and James Mason, a senior lecturer
in membrane biochemistry at College London, used a combination of
next-generation sequencing and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques to
treat mice with the antibiotics ciprofloxacin or vancomycin imipenem. of the
microbiome and metabolites. They took fecal samples from the mice before
antibiotic treatment, 14 days after treatment, and 9 days after stopping
antibiotic treatment. One group of mice was not given any antibiotics and served
as a blank control.
Ciprofloxacin treatment resulted in a
significant reduction in microbial taxa abundance (the number of different
types of bacteria in a sample) but had no effect on microbiota diversity or
evenness. In contrast, vancomycin and imipenem treatment resulted in
significant reductions in taxa abundance, evenness, and diversity.
The researchers pointed out that within 14
days of antibiotic treatment, antibiotic treatment led to significant changes
in the composition and structure of the microbial flora. Ciprofloxacin caused
significant or even decreases in the numbers of several types of bacteria,
including Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Clostridium, while increasing
numbers of Bacteroidetes and other species. Some genera were even completely
depleted. Vancomycin and imipenem treatment also caused significant changes,
including a decrease in Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes members and an increase in
the relative abundance of Proteobacteria.
"However, many bacterial populations
are altered by antibiotic treatment in ways that contribute to human
health," Rogers said. "For example, the reduced Ruminococcaceae
family produces important short-chain fatty acids by fermenting carbohydrates
that humans cannot absorb. These fatty acids contribute to our health in many
ways, including epithelial cell renewal, reduced colon cancer risk; intestinal
barrier function, protection against bacteria enter the bloodstream; and
modulate immune and metabolic control. Antibiotic drugs also increase levels of
bacteria of the genus Enterobacter, several of which are capable of causing
disease."
The team also investigated the extent to
which fecal microbial colonies recovered nine days after antibiotic treatment
was discontinued. In the ciprofloxacin group, microbial taxa abundance levels
remained constant over this time, but microbiota uniformity and diversity were
significantly reduced compared to levels measured before and at the end of
treatment. In the vancomycin-imipenem group, the levels of microbial taxa
abundance, evenness, and diversity increased significantly 9 days after
discontinuation of antibiotic drug treatment compared with the levels measured
at the end of treatment, but did not reach the level of antibiotic drugs. The
level seen before processing begins. Compared with the control group, the
microbial flora composition in the vancomycin-imipenem group was more different
than that in the ciprofloxacin group, indicating that the recovery of the
microbial flora in the vancomycin-imipenem-treated group was slower.
The researchers observed significant
changes in intestinal microbial metabolites in mice before and after antibiotic
drug treatment. Mice treated with ciprofloxacin had significantly increased
levels of amino acids, such as valine, leucine, and phenylalanine, and
decreased levels of sugars compared with controls. Increases in these types of
amino acids are associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and the
development of metabolic diseases. Mice treated with vancomycin imipenem had
greater before-to-post differences, including lower levels of amino acids such
as alanine, methionine, tyrosine, the organic acid citrate, and propionate. The
researchers also observed increased levels of sucrose, sarcosine and other
compounds.
In a follow-up study, Rogers and colleagues
evaluated whether similar effects could be observed in humans with prebiotics
(dietary supplements that promote the growth of beneficial microorganisms in
the gut) or fecal microbiota transplants (reprogramming of a person's gut
microbiome). introduced) could be used as treatments to limit these effects.
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